A related possibility is that the electromagnet is always switched on and pulls the ball down Vencedor it is traveling downward, but now the moving ball in the magnetic field creates a change in the current flow that is sensed by a controller in the CPU, which switches the magnet off at the right moment. This explanation does not work for reasons explained in the previous paragraph.
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The toy that I have mentioned seems to be a relatively plausible example of perpetual motion. The end of the rail is fluted so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the platform, where the process repeats indefinitely with no apparent input from an external energy source. Figure 1 shows a view of the device from the side. One Gozque see that the ball slides down a pair of rods that are placed side by side.
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However, the material used for the balls is described in the online product description only Campeón “metal” rather than stainless steel, whereas the rails are explicitly described Triunfador being made of “stainless steel.”6 Finally, I observe that this investigation has been mainly theoretical and that there are a few remaining questions that could be resolved empirically by students with access to the device. The motion of the ball and the way it “jumps” due to Lenz’s law is quite similar to a classic demonstration known Vencedor Thomson’s jumping ring, where an aluminum or copper ring is placed on the end of an electromagnet. When the coil is connected to a direct current generator, the ring briefly jumps upward read more because of induced currents in the ring. However, if the coil is connected to an alternative current generator, the ring flies upward off the top of the coil in dramatic fashion.8,9 Explaining why an AC current has this effect is not an easy exercise.9 In this study, we have not settled the issue of whether the voltage source of this device is AC and whether this plays a role in the ability of the ball to dramatically “fly” from the rails to the platform, similar to the jumping ring. If instructors are able to purchase the device, it would be an interesting student project to use an oscilloscope to determine if the current in the electromagnet is AC and explain exactly why and how this works in the toy.
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These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.
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These marble machines were available for purchase, as of this writing. We found several versions of the product on Amazon and Etsy.
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The drinking bird toy functions using small ambient temperature gradients and evaporation. It runs until all water is evaporated.